What is Cervical Cancer?

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In order for the layman to understand what is cervical cancer, we must first give a background of the cervix and its functions. The cervix refers to the lower part of the uterus or the womb. The body or upper part of the uterus houses the baby when a woman gets pregnant. The cervix connects the body of the uterus to the vagina or birth canal. It is further subdivided into two parts:


  • Endocervix – The part of the cervix which is closest to the body of the uterus. The cells lining this part are called glandular cells.
  • Exocervix or ectocervix – The part of the cervix next to the vagina. The cells covering this part of the cervix are called squamous cells.


The place where these two types of cells intersect is called the transformation zone. This is where many cases cervical cancers occur. Another important thing to remember when we wonder what is cervical cancer is that these cells do not immediately develop into cancer. What happens is that the normal cells of the cervix initially develop pre-cancerous changes before eventually turning into cancer. There are several terms used by doctors to describe these pre-cancerous changes:

  • Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)
  • Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (SIL)
  • Dysplasia

One good thing that can be noted when we ask what is cervical cancer, its nature and characteristics is that these changes that are occurring prior to the onset of the cancer can be detected by the Pap smear test and is still possible to treat before it leads to cervical cancer.


There are two main classifications of cervical cancers and pre-cancers based on how they look when viewed under a microscope:

Squamous Cell Carcinoma. These cancers originate from the squamous cells covering the surface of the exocervix. More often than not, squamous cell carcinomas begin on the area where the exocervix joins the endocervix. This is the most prevalent form of cervical cancer, accounting for 80% to 90% of all cases diagnosed.
Adenocarcinoma. This type of cancer is becoming more and more common in the past 20 to 30 years. This type of cancer originates from the gland cells of the endocervix that produces mucus.

In addition to the above two types of cervical cancer is a third one which has features of squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. These are known as mixed carcinomas or adenosquamous carcinomas.

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